So sánh phương pháp

	Participatory Digital Ethnography	Digital Ethnography	Nghiên cứu Hành động Có sự tham gia (PAR)
Lĩnh vực	Định tính	Định tính	Định tính
Họ	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Năm ra đời	2000s–2010s	Late 1990s – 2000s	1940s (Lewin); PAR as distinct tradition formalised ~1970s–1980s
Người khởi xướng	Sarah Pink and colleagues; building on Christine Hine's virtual ethnography and Kemmis & McTaggart's participatory action research traditions	Christine Hine (virtual ethnography); Robert V. Kozinets (netnography)	Kurt Lewin (action research foundations, 1940s); systematised for participatory contexts by Orlando Fals Borda, Paulo Freire, and William Foote Whyte
Loại	Qualitative research design	Qualitative research method	Qualitative research method
Công trình gốc	Pink, S., Horst, H., Postill, J., Hjorth, L., Lewis, T., & Tacchi, J. (2016). Digital Ethnography: Principles and Practice. Sage. ISBN: 978-1446200957	Kozinets, R. V. (2010). Netnography: Doing Ethnographic Research Online. Sage. ISBN: 978-1847875228	Kemmis, S., McTaggart, R., & Nixon, R. (2014). The Action Research Planner: Doing Critical Participatory Action Research. Springer.
Tên gọi khác	PDE, collaborative digital ethnography, participatory online ethnography, participatory virtual ethnography	online ethnography, virtual ethnography, internet ethnography, netnography	PAR, community-based participatory research, collaborative action research, participatory inquiry
Liên quan	3	6	6
Tóm tắt	Participatory Digital Ethnography (PDE) is a qualitative research design that combines the immersive observation of digital ethnography with the collaborative, co-inquiry stance of participatory action research. Researchers work alongside community members within digital environments — social media platforms, online forums, gaming worlds, or hybrid digital-physical spaces — co-producing knowledge rather than studying participants from a detached observer position.	Digital ethnography is a qualitative research method that adapts traditional ethnographic fieldwork to online and digitally mediated settings. Drawing on sustained participant observation, document collection, and sometimes interviews, the researcher immerses themselves in one or more digital communities — social media platforms, forums, gaming spaces, or messaging groups — to understand how culture, identity, and social practice are constructed through digital interaction. The approach recognises that online spaces are not merely reflections of offline life but distinctive sites of cultural production in their own right.	Participatory Action Research (PAR) is a qualitative, community-centred methodology in which researchers and community members collaborate as co-investigators to identify a shared problem, take deliberate action, observe outcomes, and reflect critically on results — cycling iteratively until meaningful change is achieved. Unlike conventional research that studies people from the outside, PAR treats participants as active agents who co-own the research process, the knowledge produced, and the practical interventions that follow.