So sánh phương pháp

	Giá trị P và Ý nghĩa Thống kê	Sức mạnh thống kê và Kích thước mẫu
Lĩnh vực	Thống kê nghiên cứu	Thống kê nghiên cứu
Họ	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Năm ra đời	1925	1988
Người khởi xướng	Ronald Fisher	Jacob Cohen
Loại	Concept	Concept
Công trình gốc	Fisher, R. A. (1925). Statistical Methods for Research Workers. Oliver and Boyd.	Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN: 0-8058-0283-5
Tên gọi khác	p-value, significance test, statistical significance, alpha level	power analysis, sample size calculation, 1 minus beta, sensitivity
Liên quan	5	4
Tóm tắt	The p-value is the probability of observing data as extreme as or more extreme than what was actually observed, assuming the null hypothesis is true. Introduced by Ronald Fisher in 1925, it is the foundation of frequentist hypothesis testing. Statistical significance is declared when the p-value falls below a pre-specified threshold (alpha level, typically 0.05).	Statistical power is the probability of detecting a true effect if it exists (1 − β). Power analysis determines the sample size required to detect a hypothesized effect size with specified Type I error (α) and Type II error (β) rates. Introduced by Jacob Cohen (1988), power analysis is foundational to research design: underpowered studies produce inflated effect size estimates and are unlikely to replicate. The standard benchmark is 80% power (β = 0.20), though critical studies may require 90% power.