So sánh phương pháp

	Nghiên cứu bài học đa trường hợp	Nghiên cứu Hành động Có sự tham gia (PAR)
Lĩnh vực	Phương pháp thực địa	Định tính
Họ	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Năm ra đời	1999–2002 (Western formalization); Japanese origins 19th century	1940s (Lewin); PAR as distinct tradition formalised ~1970s–1980s
Người khởi xướng	Japanese education tradition; systematized in Western research by Catherine Lewis, James Stigler, and James Hiebert	Kurt Lewin (action research foundations, 1940s); systematised for participatory contexts by Orlando Fals Borda, Paulo Freire, and William Foote Whyte
Loại	Collaborative qualitative research design	Qualitative research method
Công trình gốc	Lewis, C. C. (2002). Lesson Study: A Handbook of Teacher-Led Instructional Change. Research for Better Schools. ISBN: 978-0944536483	Kemmis, S., McTaggart, R., & Nixon, R. (2014). The Action Research Planner: Doing Critical Participatory Action Research. Springer.
Tên gọi khác	multi-site lesson study, cross-case lesson study, collaborative lesson research (multi-case), MCLS	PAR, community-based participatory research, collaborative action research, participatory inquiry
Liên quan	6	6
Tóm tắt	Multiple-case lesson study extends the Japanese lesson study cycle — collaborative planning, live observation, and structured debrief of a single research lesson — across two or more independent cases (schools, classrooms, or teacher teams). By replicating and comparing the cycle at multiple sites, researchers can distinguish context-specific findings from those that generalize across settings, producing richer evidence about effective instructional practices in humanities and social science domains.	Participatory Action Research (PAR) is a qualitative, community-centred methodology in which researchers and community members collaborate as co-investigators to identify a shared problem, take deliberate action, observe outcomes, and reflect critically on results — cycling iteratively until meaningful change is achieved. Unlike conventional research that studies people from the outside, PAR treats participants as active agents who co-own the research process, the knowledge produced, and the practical interventions that follow.