So sánh phương pháp

	Dân tộc học	Nghiên cứu nhóm tập trung	Điều tra tường thuật
Lĩnh vực	Định tính	Định tính	Nghiên cứu định tính
Họ	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Năm ra đời	c. 1922 (Malinowski's Argonauts of the Western Pacific)	1940s (sociological origin); modern applied form from the 1980s–1990s	2000
Người khởi xướng	Bronisław Malinowski (modern ethnography); rooted in 19th-century anthropology	Robert K. Merton (sociological precursor, 1940s); popularised in applied research by Richard A. Krueger	D. Jean Clandinin and F. Michael Connelly
Loại	Qualitative fieldwork tradition	Qualitative data collection method	Method
Công trình gốc	Hammersley, M. & Atkinson, P. (2019). Ethnography: Principles in Practice (4th ed.). Routledge. ISBN: 978-1138504462	Krueger, R.A. & Casey, M.A. (2014). Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for Applied Research (5th ed.). Sage. ISBN: 978-1483365244	Clandinin, D. J., & Connelly, F. M. (2000). Narrative inquiry: Experience and story in qualitative research. Jossey-Bass.
Tên gọi khác	Etnografi, participant observation, fieldwork, ethnographic research	focus group discussion, FGD, group interview, Odak Grup Araştırması	Narrative Analysis, Narrative Research, Life Story Method
Liên quan	5	6	3
Tóm tắt	Ethnography is a qualitative research tradition in which a researcher immerses themselves in a social group or community over an extended period — typically three to six months or longer — to study its culture, values, and behaviours in their natural setting. Originating in social and cultural anthropology, and consolidated as a rigorous method by Bronisław Malinowski in the early twentieth century, ethnography produces rich, contextualised accounts of how people live, work, and make meaning together.	Focus group research is a qualitative data-collection method in which a trained moderator guides structured discussions with homogeneous groups of six to ten participants to explore ideas, attitudes, and perceptions on a defined topic. Developed from sociological roots in the 1940s and systematised for applied research by Krueger and Casey, the method leverages group interaction as a data source — revealing not just what people think, but how they negotiate and articulate views in a social setting.	Narrative inquiry is a qualitative research methodology that treats stories and life narratives as primary data, analyzing how individuals construct meaning and identity through storytelling. Developed by D. Jean Clandinin and F. Michael Connelly (2000), narrative inquiry examines the narratives people tell about their lives, experiences, and transitions, understanding that people make sense of experience through narrative.