So sánh phương pháp

	Tương quan và Nhân quả	Giá trị P và Ý nghĩa Thống kê
Lĩnh vực	Thống kê nghiên cứu	Thống kê nghiên cứu
Họ	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Năm ra đời	1965	1925
Người khởi xướng	Multiple sources (Bradford Hill, Judea Pearl, Donald Rubin)	Ronald Fisher
Loại	Concept	Concept
Công trình gốc	Pearl, J. (2009). Causality: Models, Reasoning, and Inference (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN: 978-0-521-89560-6	Fisher, R. A. (1925). Statistical Methods for Research Workers. Oliver and Boyd.
Tên gọi khác	correlation and causation, causal inference, spurious correlation, confounding	p-value, significance test, statistical significance, alpha level
Liên quan	4	5
Tóm tắt	Correlation measures the strength and direction of association between two variables; causation implies that changes in one variable directly produce changes in another. A strong correlation (e.g., r = 0.9) does not prove causation. Classic examples abound: shoe size and reading ability are correlated in children (confounded by age), but shoe size does not cause reading ability. Understanding when correlation implies causation requires evaluating study design, confounding variables, temporal precedence, and mechanism. Randomized experiments offer the strongest causal evidence; observational studies must carefully control for confounders.	The p-value is the probability of observing data as extreme as or more extreme than what was actually observed, assuming the null hypothesis is true. Introduced by Ronald Fisher in 1925, it is the foundation of frequentist hypothesis testing. Statistical significance is declared when the p-value falls below a pre-specified threshold (alpha level, typically 0.05).