เปรียบเทียบวิธี

	การประเมินผลกระทบเชิงสาเหตุแบบเข้มแข็ง (Robust Counterfactual Impact Evaluation)	การจับคู่คะแนนแนวโน้ม
สาขาวิชา	การอนุมานเชิงสาเหตุ	สถิติการวิจัย
ตระกูล	Regression model	Process / pipeline
ปีกำเนิด	2010s	1983
ผู้ริเริ่ม	European Commission evaluation community; Pellegrini, Ferrara and colleagues	Paul Rosenbaum and Donald Rubin
ประเภท	Robustness-validated causal evaluation	Method
แหล่งต้นตำรับ	Bia, M., Flores, C. A., Flores-Lagunes, A., & Mattei, A. (2014). A Stata package for the application of semiparametric estimators of dose–response functions. Stata Journal, 14(3), 580–604.	Rosenbaum, P. R., & Rubin, D. B. (1983). The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects. Biometrika, 70(1), 41–55.
ชื่อเรียกอื่น	Robust CIE, Sensitivity-checked CIE, Multi-method counterfactual evaluation, Robustness-validated impact evaluation	PSM, propensity score weighting, covariate balance
ที่เกี่ยวข้อง	5	3
สรุป	Robust Counterfactual Impact Evaluation (Robust CIE) strengthens causal impact estimates by combining multiple quasi-experimental estimators, placebo tests, and formal sensitivity analyses. Rather than relying on a single method, it cross-validates findings across approaches — such as matching, difference-in-differences, and regression discontinuity — to ensure that conclusions do not depend on any single methodological choice.	Propensity score matching (PSM) is a method for reducing confounding bias in observational studies by balancing baseline characteristics between treatment groups, simulating randomization. Developed by Rosenbaum and Rubin (1983), it estimates the probability of receiving treatment given observed covariates, then matches or weights treated and control individuals with similar treatment probabilities. Widely used in medicine, epidemiology, and policy evaluation when randomized trials are infeasible or unethical, enabling estimation of treatment effects while controlling for selection bias.