เปรียบเทียบวิธี

	มาตรวัดประสิทธิผลทางการเมือง	มาตรวัดความไว้วางใจทางการเมือง
สาขาวิชา	จิตวิทยาการเมือง	จิตวิทยาการเมือง
ตระกูล	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
ปีกำเนิด	1969	1974
ผู้ริเริ่ม	Richard Niemi, Steven Craig, Albert Bandura	Arthur H. Miller
ประเภท	Self-report	Self-report
แหล่งต้นตำรับ	Niemi, R. G., Craig, S. C., & Mattei, F. (1991). Measuring internal political efficacy in the 1988 National Election Study. American Political Science Review, 85(4), 1407-1413.	Miller, A. H. (1974). Political issues and trust in government: 1964-1970. American Political Science Review, 68(3), 951-972.
ชื่อเรียกอื่น	Political Efficacy, Internal Efficacy, External Efficacy	PTS, Comparative Study of Electoral Systems (CSES) Trust Module
ที่เกี่ยวข้อง	3	3
สรุป	Political efficacy measures sense of personal agency and power in the political system, encompassing both internal efficacy (belief in own political competence and understanding) and external efficacy (belief that the political system is responsive to citizen input). Rooted in Bandura's self-efficacy theory (1977) and developed for political contexts by Niemi, Craig, and colleagues (1969 onwards), the measure explains why some citizens feel empowered to engage in politics while others feel powerless. High-efficacy citizens are substantially more likely to participate, contact representatives, and vote; low-efficacy citizens withdraw from politics and are susceptible to anti-democratic appeals.	The Political Trust Scale measures citizen confidence in government institutions, elected officials, and the political system's responsiveness and fairness. Pioneered by Miller (1974) and operationalized across comparative electoral studies (CSES Module 5), the scale captures both diffuse trust (in the political system generally) and specific trust (in particular institutions such as parliament or the executive). It is central to understanding democratic legitimacy, political engagement, and support for democratic institutions.