เปรียบเทียบวิธี

	ค่าพี (P-Value) และนัยสำคัญทางสถิติ	การทดสอบสมมติฐานว่าง
สาขาวิชา	สถิติการวิจัย	สถิติการวิจัย
ตระกูล	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
ปีกำเนิด	1925	1925
ผู้ริเริ่ม	Ronald Fisher	Ronald Fisher; Neyman & Pearson
ประเภท	Concept	Concept
แหล่งต้นตำรับ	Fisher, R. A. (1925). Statistical Methods for Research Workers. Oliver and Boyd.	Fisher, R. A. (1925). Statistical Methods for Research Workers. Oliver and Boyd.
ชื่อเรียกอื่น	p-value, significance test, statistical significance, alpha level	NHST, hypothesis formulation, null hypothesis, alternative hypothesis
ที่เกี่ยวข้อง	5	4
สรุป	The p-value is the probability of observing data as extreme as or more extreme than what was actually observed, assuming the null hypothesis is true. Introduced by Ronald Fisher in 1925, it is the foundation of frequentist hypothesis testing. Statistical significance is declared when the p-value falls below a pre-specified threshold (alpha level, typically 0.05).	Null Hypothesis Significance Testing (NHST) is the dominant statistical framework in empirical research. The null hypothesis (H₀) represents the default assumption—typically 'no effect' or 'no difference'—while the alternative hypothesis (H₁) represents the claim being tested. The test calculates the probability of observing the data given H₀ is true (p-value); if p is very small, H₀ is rejected in favor of H₁. Formulated by Ronald Fisher and extended by Neyman and Pearson in the early 20th century, NHST is foundational to confirmatory research but has been widely critiqued for misuse and misinterpretation.