เปรียบเทียบวิธี

	Multi-group Differential Item Functioning	Differential Item Functioning (DIF)
สาขาวิชา	การวัดทางจิตวิทยา	การวัดทางจิตวิทยา
ตระกูล	Latent structure	Latent structure
ปีกำเนิด	1980s-1990s	1970s–1993
ผู้ริเริ่ม	Shealy & Stout (SIBTEST framework); Lord (IRT-based DIF)	William H. Angoff and colleagues (ETS); systematized by Holland & Wainer
ประเภท	Measurement bias detection	Item-level bias detection
แหล่งต้นตำรับ	Millsap, R. E. (2012). Statistical Approaches to Measurement Invariance. Routledge. ISBN: 978-1848728936	Holland, P. W. & Wainer, H. (Eds.) (1993). Differential Item Functioning. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN: 978-0805809589
ชื่อเรียกอื่น	MG-DIF, multi-group DIF, differential item functioning across groups, multiple-group DIF analysis	DIF, item bias analysis, measurement non-equivalence, item-level measurement bias
ที่เกี่ยวข้อง	6	5
สรุป	Multi-group differential item functioning examines whether test or scale items function equivalently across three or more distinct groups — such as gender, ethnicity, or country — after matching respondents on the underlying trait being measured. Items that behave differently across groups threaten fair measurement and valid score comparisons.	Differential item functioning identifies test or survey items that behave differently for examinees from different groups — such as gender, ethnicity, or language background — after controlling for the underlying ability or trait being measured. DIF analysis is essential for fairness evaluation in educational testing and psychological scale development.