เปรียบเทียบวิธี

	ดัชนีรูปแบบภูมิทัศน์	แบบจำลองการเปลี่ยนแปลงการใช้ที่ดิน CA-Markov	การตรวจจับชุมชน	การวิเคราะห์ภาพเชิงวัตถุ (Object-Based Image Analysis - OBIA)
สาขาวิชา	การวิเคราะห์เชิงพื้นที่	การวิเคราะห์เชิงพื้นที่	การวิเคราะห์เครือข่าย	การสำรวจระยะไกล
ตระกูล	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
ปีกำเนิด	1988	1997	2002–2019 (algorithm family)	2010
ผู้ริเริ่ม	R. V. O'Neill et al.; McGarigal & Marks (FRAGSTATS)	Cellular automata (Clarke) + Markov chain (Muller & Middleton)	Louvain: Blondel et al. (2008); Leiden: Traag et al. (2019); Girvan-Newman: Girvan & Newman (2002); Infomap: Rosvall & Bergstrom (2008)	Thomas Blaschke
ประเภท	Quantitative landscape pattern description	Spatio-temporal land-use change simulation	Graph-partitioning / clustering algorithm family	Image segmentation and classification pipeline
แหล่งต้นตำรับ	O'Neill, R. V., et al. (1988). Indices of landscape pattern. Landscape Ecology, 1(3), 153–162.	Clarke, K. C., Hoppen, S., & Gaydos, L. (1997). A self-modifying cellular automaton model of historical urbanization in the San Francisco Bay area. Environment and Planning B, 24(2), 247–261.	Blondel, V.D., Guillaume, J.-L., Lambiotte, R. & Lefebvre, E. (2008). Fast Unfolding of Communities in Large Networks. Journal of Statistical Mechanics, 2008(10), P10008.	Blaschke, T. (2010). Object based image analysis for remote sensing. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 65(1), 2–16.
ชื่อเรียกอื่น	landscape pattern indices, FRAGSTATS metrics, fragmentation indices, peyzaj metrikleri	CA-Markov model, cellular automata Markov, land-use change simulation, CA-Markov arazi kullanımı modeli	graph clustering, network partitioning, Topluluk Tespiti (Louvain, Girvan-Newman, Leiden)	Geographic Object-Based Image Analysis, GEOBIA, Object-Oriented Image Analysis, Nesne Tabanlı Görüntü Analizi
ที่เกี่ยวข้อง	3	3	5	3
สรุป	Landscape metrics are quantitative indices that describe the composition and spatial configuration of a categorical map — typically land cover — at the patch, class, and whole-landscape levels. Developed in landscape ecology (O'Neill and colleagues, 1988) and made widely usable by the FRAGSTATS software, they turn maps into numbers like patch density, edge density, fragmentation, diversity, and connectivity for ecological, planning, and change analysis.	CA-Markov is a hybrid spatio-temporal model that projects land-use and land-cover change by combining a Markov chain — which predicts how much of each class will change — with cellular automata, which decide where that change happens. Widely used for urban-growth and land-cover forecasting, it answers both the quantity and the location of change, something neither component does well alone.	Community detection is a family of graph-partitioning algorithms that discover densely connected sub-groups — communities — within a network. First formalised through the modularity measure by Girvan and Newman (2002), the field advanced rapidly with the Louvain method (Blondel et al., 2008), the Leiden refinement (Traag et al., 2019), and the information-theoretic Infomap approach. All variants answer the same question: which nodes cluster together more tightly among themselves than with the rest of the network?	Object-Based Image Analysis (OBIA) is a remote sensing image processing paradigm that groups pixels into meaningful image objects before classification, rather than analysing each pixel independently. Formally articulated and consolidated by Thomas Blaschke in his landmark 2010 ISPRS review, OBIA draws on multiresolution segmentation algorithms and combines spectral, spatial, contextual, and textural object attributes to produce semantically rich land-cover maps from high-resolution imagery.