เปรียบเทียบวิธี

	การลงรหัสแบบอ้างอิงคำพูดผู้ให้ข้อมูล	ชาติพันธุ์วรรณนา	การวิเคราะห์เรื่องเล่า
สาขาวิชา	เชิงคุณภาพ	เชิงคุณภาพ	เชิงคุณภาพ
ตระกูล	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
ปีกำเนิด	1967 (grounded theory origins); widely codified as a distinct method from the 1990s onward	c. 1922 (Malinowski's Argonauts of the Western Pacific)	1967 (foundational); 2008 (canonical handbook)
ผู้ริเริ่ม	Barney G. Glaser and Anselm L. Strauss (grounded theory tradition); systematised and named by Johnny Saldaña	Bronisław Malinowski (modern ethnography); rooted in 19th-century anthropology	Catherine Kohler Riessman (seminal synthesis, 2008); roots in Labov & Waletzky (1967)
ประเภท	Qualitative research method	Qualitative fieldwork tradition	Qualitative interpretive method
แหล่งต้นตำรับ	Saldaña, J. (2021). The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers (4th ed.). Sage. ISBN: 978-1529731743	Hammersley, M. & Atkinson, P. (2019). Ethnography: Principles in Practice (4th ed.). Routledge. ISBN: 978-1138504462	Riessman, C.K. (2008). Narrative Methods for the Human Sciences. Sage.
ชื่อเรียกอื่น	verbatim coding, literal coding, first-cycle in vivo coding, indigenous coding	Etnografi, participant observation, fieldwork, ethnographic research	narrative inquiry, life history analysis, biographical research, Anlatı Analizi (Narrative Analysis)
ที่เกี่ยวข้อง	6	5	6
สรุป	In vivo coding is a qualitative first-cycle coding strategy in which the researcher uses the participants' own words or short phrases verbatim as code labels, rather than imposing researcher-generated or theoretical language. The technique preserves the voice, meaning, and conceptual priorities of participants, making it especially valuable in grounded theory, phenomenology, and any study where honouring the emic (insider) perspective is central to analytic integrity.	Ethnography is a qualitative research tradition in which a researcher immerses themselves in a social group or community over an extended period — typically three to six months or longer — to study its culture, values, and behaviours in their natural setting. Originating in social and cultural anthropology, and consolidated as a rigorous method by Bronisław Malinowski in the early twentieth century, ethnography produces rich, contextualised accounts of how people live, work, and make meaning together.	Narrative analysis is a qualitative research method, synthesised canonically by Catherine Kohler Riessman (2008), that examines how individuals storise their lived experiences and construct meaning through the telling. Drawing on life history, biographical, and narrative inquiry traditions, it treats the story itself — not just its content — as the unit of analysis, attending to temporal sequence, plot structure, and the social context in which a narrative is produced.