เปรียบเทียบวิธี

	Standard Errors แบบ Driscoll-Kraay	การทดสอบ Pesaran CD: การวินิจฉัยความเป็นอิสระของภาคตัดขวางสำหรับข้อมูลพาเนล
สาขาวิชา	เศรษฐมิติ	เศรษฐมิติ
ตระกูล	Regression model	Hypothesis test
ปีกำเนิด	1998	2021
ผู้ริเริ่ม	John Driscoll & Aart Kraay	M. Hashem Pesaran
ประเภท	Nonparametric heteroskedasticity- and autocorrelation-consistent (HAC) covariance estimator for panel data	Non-parametric diagnostic test
แหล่งต้นตำรับ	Driscoll, J. C., & Kraay, A. C. (1998). Consistent covariance matrix estimation with spatially dependent panel data. Review of Economics and Statistics, 80(4), 549–560.	Pesaran, M. H. (2021). General diagnostic tests for cross-sectional dependence in panels. Empirical Economics, 60(1), 13–50.
ชื่อเรียกอื่น	DK Standard Errors, Driscoll-Kraay Covariance Estimator, Spatial-Temporal HAC Standard Errors, Driscoll-Kraay Standart Hatalar	CD Test, Cross-Sectional Dependence Test, Pesaran General CD Test, Kesitsel Bağımlılık Testi
ที่เกี่ยวข้อง	2	3
สรุป	Driscoll-Kraay standard errors provide a nonparametric, heteroskedasticity- and autocorrelation-consistent (HAC) covariance estimator for balanced and unbalanced panel datasets. Introduced by Driscoll and Kraay in 1998, the method corrects inference when residuals exhibit cross-sectional dependence, serial autocorrelation, and heteroskedasticity simultaneously—problems common in macroeconomic and international finance panels where units such as countries or industries share common shocks.	The Pesaran CD test is a general diagnostic procedure for detecting cross-sectional dependence in panel data models. Developed by M. Hashem Pesaran (2021), it is applicable to both balanced and unbalanced panels with large N and T, and retains validity under heterogeneous slope coefficients. The test is widely adopted in empirical economics, finance, and political economy as a prerequisite check before selecting appropriate estimators or unit-root tests for panel datasets.