Linganisha mbinu

	Mbinu ya Z-scan	Njia ya Uenezaji wa Mfumo (Beam Propagation Method - BPM)	Mofolojia ya Fourier
Nyanja	Optiki	Optiki	Optiki
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1990	1978	1822
Mwanzilishi	Mansoor Sheik-Bahae, David Hagan, and Eric Van Stryland	Michael Feit and John Fleck	Joseph Fourier and Ernst Abbe
Aina	Measurement technique	Paraxial propagation algorithm	Spectral decomposition method
Chanzo asilia	Sheik-Bahae, M., Said, A. A., Wei, T. H., Hagan, D. J., & Van Stryland, E. W. (1990). Sensitive measurement of optical nonlinearities using a single beam. IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, 26(4), 760-769.	Feit, M. D., & Fleck, J. A. (1978). Light propagation in graded-index optical fibers. Applied Optics, 17(24), 3990-3998.	Goodman, J. W. (1968). Introduction to Fourier Optics. McGraw-Hill.
Majina mbadala	Z-scan method, nonlinear refraction measurement	BPM, paraxial approximation method	frequency-domain optics, wave optics, diffraction theory
Zinazohusiana	3	3	3
Muhtasari	The Z-scan technique is an experimental method for measuring nonlinear optical properties of materials, particularly third-order susceptibility and nonlinear absorption. Developed by Sheik-Bahae, Hagan, and Van Stryland in 1990, Z-scan uses a tightly focused laser beam and moves the sample along the beam propagation axis (z-axis), recording transmission variation to deduce nonlinear refraction and absorption coefficients with high sensitivity.	The Beam Propagation Method is a computational technique for simulating the propagation of optical beams through slowly varying, weakly guiding structures. Developed by Feit and Fleck in 1978, BPM exploits the paraxial approximation to reduce the full vector wave equation to a scalar or vector envelope equation, enabling efficient simulation of waveguides, integrated optics, and photonic devices.	Fourier optics is a mathematical framework that analyzes optical systems and phenomena using Fourier transforms and frequency-domain methods. Grounded in Joseph Fourier's 1822 work on heat diffusion and Ernst Abbe's microscopy theory, this approach decomposes optical fields into plane waves or spatial frequencies, revealing how optical systems manipulate and filter these components to produce images and transmit information.