Linganisha mbinu

	Uchambuzi wa Rietveld wa XRD	Upigaji picha wa X-ray wa elektroni (XPS)
Nyanja	Sayansi ya Vifaa	Sayansi ya Vifaa
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1969	1967
Mwanzilishi	Hugo Rietveld	Kai Siegbahn
Aina	Refinement method	Analytical technique
Chanzo asilia	Rietveld, H. M. (1969). A profile refinement method for nuclear and magnetic structures. Journal of Applied Crystallography, 2(2), 65-71.	Siegbahn, K., Nordling, C., Fahlman, A., et al. (1967). ESCA: Atomic, Molecular and Solid State Structure Studied by Means of Electron Spectroscopy. Almqvist and Wiksells.
Majina mbadala	Rietveld refinement, powder diffraction refinement	XPS, ESCA, electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis
Zinazohusiana	3	3
Muhtasari	XRD Rietveld Refinement is a method for extracting detailed crystal structure information from powder diffraction data by comparing observed and calculated diffraction patterns through least-squares refinement. Developed by Hugo Rietveld in 1969, this technique enables determination of atomic positions, occupancies, thermal parameters, and phase fractions directly from powder data without requiring single crystals. It is the standard approach in materials characterization for structural analysis, phase identification, and quantification.	X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), also known as Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis (ESCA), is a surface-sensitive analytical technique that measures the kinetic energies of photoelectrons ejected from a material by high-energy X-rays. Developed by Kai Siegbahn in 1967, XPS determines elemental composition, chemical oxidation states, and chemical bonding within ~10 nanometers of a surface. It is indispensable in materials science for surface characterization, corrosion studies, oxide analysis, and interface chemistry.