Linganisha mbinu

	Kipimo cha Wasiwasi wa Kuandika	Kiwango cha Tathmini ya Ucheleweshaji kwa Wanafunzi
Nyanja	Saikolojia ya Elimu	Saikolojia ya Elimu
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1975	1984
Mwanzilishi	Daly, J.A.; Miller, M.D.	Solomon, Rothblum
Aina	Self-report questionnaire	Self-report questionnaire
Chanzo asilia	Daly, J. A., & Miller, M. D. (1975). The empirical development of an instrument to measure writing apprehension. Research in the Teaching of English, 9(3), 242–249.	Solomon, L. J., & Rothblum, E. D. (1984). Academic procrastination: Frequency and cognitive-behavioral correlates. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 31(4), 503-509.
Majina mbadala	WAT	PASS
Zinazohusiana	5	5
Muhtasari	The Writing Apprehension Test measures the degree of anxiety and negative affect experienced in writing situations. Developed by Daly and Miller in 1975, the WAT identifies students with writing anxiety—a prevalent barrier to academic success, particularly in college coursework where writing is extensive. Writing apprehension leads to avoidance of writing tasks, procrastination, and reduced writing quality independent of actual writing ability. Early identification and targeted support can significantly improve both writing confidence and academic outcomes.	The Procrastination Assessment Scale for Students is a comprehensive instrument measuring the frequency of academic procrastination across multiple task types and identifying the underlying reasons for delay. Developed by Solomon and Rothblum in 1984, the PASS provides educators and researchers with actionable data about which academic tasks students avoid and why—information critical for designing targeted interventions to improve academic performance and reduce associated stress.