Linganisha mbinu
Pitia mbinu ulizochagua bega kwa bega; safu zinazotofautiana zinaangaziwa.
| Kipimo cha Ukatili Mahali pa Kazi× | Kipimo cha Kutengwa Kazini× | |
|---|---|---|
| Nyanja | Afya ya Kazini | Afya ya Kazini |
| Familia | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| Mwaka wa asili≠ | 2006 | 2008 |
| Mwanzilishi≠ | Chappell & Di Martino (ILO) | Ferris, Brown, Berry, & Lian |
| Aina | Self-report | Self-report |
| Chanzo asilia≠ | Chappell, D., & Di Martino, V. (2006). Violence at work (3rd ed.). International Labour Office. ISBN: 978-92-2-117706-9 | Ferris, D. L., Brown, D. J., Berry, J. W., & Lian, H. (2008). The development and validation of the Workplace Ostracism Scale. J Appl Psychol, 93(6), 1348–1366. DOI ↗ |
| Majina mbadala | WVS | WOS |
| Zinazohusiana | 3 | 3 |
| Muhtasari≠ | The Workplace Violence Scale measures employee exposure to physical and verbal violence, threats, and harassment in occupational settings. Developed by the International Labour Organization, it captures the prevalence and severity of violent incidents affecting worker safety and health across sectors including healthcare, education, retail, and social services. The scale is essential for identifying organizational violence risk and monitoring workplace safety interventions. | The Workplace Ostracism Scale measures the extent to which an employee feels excluded, ignored, or dismissed by colleagues and supervisors—a form of social exclusion distinct from harassment but equally harmful to mental health and performance. Developed by Ferris, Brown, Berry, and Lian, the WOS captures subtle exclusionary behaviors: being left out of conversations, having contributions ignored, or being given the silent treatment. Workplace ostracism predicts depression, anxiety, reduced engagement, and turnover, making it critical for identifying and addressing subtle organizational toxicity. |
| ScholarGateSeti ya data ↗ |
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