Linganisha mbinu

	Value-Added Teacher Evaluation	Uundaji wa Thamani Iliyoongezwa
Nyanja	Education	Saikometriki
Familia	Regression model	Latent structure
Mwaka wa asili	2004	1998
Mwanzilishi	William Sanders (TVAAS); methodological critique by McCaffrey, Lockwood, Koretz et al.	William Sanders, Sandra Horn
Aina	Statistical estimation of individual teachers' contributions to student achievement growth	Longitudinal student achievement modeling
Chanzo asilia	McCaffrey, D. F., Lockwood, J. R., Koretz, D., Louis, T. A., & Hamilton, L. (2004). Models for value-added modeling of teacher effects. Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, 29(1), 67–101.	Kane, T. J., Rockoff, J. E., & Staiger, D. O. (2008). What does certification tell us about teacher effectiveness? Evidence from New York City. Economics of Education Review, 27(6), 615-631.
Majina mbadala	Teacher Value-Added Models, VAM for Teachers, Teacher Effect Estimation, Value-Added Teacher Accountability	VAM
Zinazohusiana	4	4
Muhtasari	Value-added teacher evaluation uses longitudinal student test scores to estimate how much individual teachers contribute to their students' achievement growth, net of what students brought into the classroom. Statistically it applies value-added and mixed-model machinery — controlling for prior achievement and student characteristics, then treating each teacher's residual contribution as an effect to be estimated. Pioneered in Tennessee's TVAAS and scrutinized in a large methodological and policy literature, it became central, and controversial, in teacher accountability.	Value-Added Modeling (VAM) is a method for assessing the contribution of schools or teachers to student achievement growth, developed by Sanders and Horn (1998). VAM isolates the effect of a teacher or school by comparing student gains (value added) while controlling for prior achievement and student characteristics.