Linganisha mbinu

	Social Disorganization Analysis	Routine Activity Theory
Nyanja	Criminology	Criminology
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1942	1979
Mwanzilishi	Clifford R. Shaw & Henry D. McKay	Lawrence E. Cohen & Marcus Felson
Aina	Ecological theory and analysis of neighborhood structural sources of crime	Theoretical framework for explaining the occurrence of predatory crime
Chanzo asilia	Sampson, R. J., & Groves, W. B. (1989). Community structure and crime: Testing social-disorganization theory. American Journal of Sociology, 94(4), 774–802.	Cohen, L. E., & Felson, M. (1979). Social change and crime rate trends: A routine activity approach. American Sociological Review, 44(4), 588–608.
Majina mbadala	Social Disorganization Theory, Shaw and McKay Model, Neighborhood Social Disorganization Analysis, Community Structure and Crime Analysis	RAT, Routine Activities Approach, Crime Triangle Framework, Cohen-Felson Theory
Zinazohusiana	4	4
Muhtasari	Social disorganization analysis explains why crime concentrates in some neighborhoods regardless of who lives there, tracing it to community structural conditions rather than individual pathology. Building on Shaw and McKay's classic Chicago studies, it argues that poverty, residential instability, and ethnic heterogeneity undermine a neighborhood's capacity for informal social control, which in turn raises crime and delinquency — a chain that Sampson and Groves later tested empirically with survey-based measures of community social ties.	Routine activity theory explains predatory crime not by the supply of motivated offenders but by the everyday structure of legal activities that brings offenders, targets, and the absence of guardians together in space and time. Proposed by Lawrence Cohen and Marcus Felson in 1979, it argues that crime rates can rise even when offender motivation is constant, because changes in how people work, shop, and spend leisure time alter the opportunities for crime.