Linganisha mbinu

	SIBTEST	Njia ya Nafasi ya Kanuni
Nyanja	Saikometriki	Saikometriki
Familia	Latent structure	Latent structure
Mwaka wa asili	1993	1983
Mwanzilishi	Richard Shealy, William F. Stout	Kikumi K. Tatsuoka
Aina	Differential item functioning (DIF) assessment	IRT-based diagnostic classification
Chanzo asilia	Shealy, R., & Stout, W. F. (1993). A model-based standardization approach that separates true bias/DIF from group differences and detects test bias/DTF. Psychometrika, 58(2), 159-194.	Hartz, S. M. (2002). A Bayesian framework for the unified treatment of assessing dimensionality, assessing local dependence, and estimating ability for unidimensional and multidimensional item response data. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
Majina mbadala	—	RSM
Zinazohusiana	5	5
Muhtasari	SIBTEST (Simultaneous Item Bias Test) is a non-parametric method for detecting differential item functioning (DIF) and differential test functioning (DTF) developed by Shealy and Stout (1993). Unlike parametric approaches, SIBTEST does not assume a particular item response model and directly tests whether groups differ in their probability of correct responses at equal levels of overall ability.	Rule Space Methodology (RSM) is a diagnostic classification approach developed by Tatsuoka (1983) that uses Item Response Theory and geometric methods to classify examinees into knowledge states based on their response patterns. Unlike classical scoring, RSM identifies which specific skills or competencies an examinee possesses or lacks, enabling targeted educational interventions.