Linganisha mbinu

	SIBTEST	Mfumo wa DINO	Uchambuzi wa Hali Muhimu
Nyanja	Saikometriki	Saikometriki	Saikometriki
Familia	Latent structure	Latent structure	Latent structure
Mwaka wa asili	1993	2006	2016
Mwanzilishi	Richard Shealy, William F. Stout	James Templin, Russell Henson	Jan Dul
Aina	Differential item functioning (DIF) assessment	Disjunctive latent class model	Set-theoretic configurational analysis
Chanzo asilia	Shealy, R., & Stout, W. F. (1993). A model-based standardization approach that separates true bias/DIF from group differences and detects test bias/DTF. Psychometrika, 58(2), 159-194.	Templin, J., & Henson, R. A. (2006). Measurement of psychological disorders using cognitive diagnosis models. Psychological Methods, 11(3), 287-305.	Dul, J. (2016). Necessary Condition Analysis (NCA): Logic and methodology of "necessary but not sufficient" causality. Organizational Research Methods, 19(1), 10-52.
Majina mbadala	—	DINO	NCA
Zinazohusiana	5	4	5
Muhtasari	SIBTEST (Simultaneous Item Bias Test) is a non-parametric method for detecting differential item functioning (DIF) and differential test functioning (DTF) developed by Shealy and Stout (1993). Unlike parametric approaches, SIBTEST does not assume a particular item response model and directly tests whether groups differ in their probability of correct responses at equal levels of overall ability.	The DINO Model (Deterministic Inputs, Noisy Outputs—Disjunctive) is a cognitive diagnostic model that relaxes DINA's conjunctive (AND) skill requirement logic. DINO assumes an examinee only needs to master one of multiple possible skill pathways to answer an item correctly, making it suitable for scenarios where skills are substitutable or alternative routes to success exist.	Necessary Condition Analysis (NCA) is a set-theoretic method developed by Dul (2016) that identifies conditions necessary (but not necessarily sufficient) for an outcome to occur. Unlike regression, which estimates average effects, NCA identifies absolute thresholds: conditions that must be present at a certain level for the outcome to be possible, regardless of other factors.