Linganisha mbinu

	SERS	ATR-FTIR	Mchana wa Mviringo
Nyanja	Spektroskopia	Spektroskopia	Spektroskopia
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1974	1961	1969
Mwanzilishi	Martin Fleischmann	Joop Fahrenfort	Jean-Claude Fasman
Aina	Vibrational spectroscopy technique	Vibrational spectroscopy technique	Spectroscopic method
Chanzo asilia	Fleischmann, M., Hendra, P. J., & McQuillan, A. J. (1974). Raman spectra of pyridine adsorbed at a silver electrode. Chemical Physics Letters, 26(2), 163-166.	Harrick, N. J. (1960). Study of physics of internal reflection from metals. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, 13(2), 143-155.	Greenfield, N. J., & Fasman, G. D. (1969). Computed circular dichroism spectra for protein secondary structures. Biochemistry, 8(10), 4108-4116.
Majina mbadala	Surface-enhanced Raman scattering, SERS spectroscopy	ATR-IR, attenuated total reflectance, FTIR spectroscopy	CD spectroscopy, circular dichroism, CD analysis
Zinazohusiana	3	3	3
Muhtasari	Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) amplifies weak Raman signals by many orders of magnitude when analyte molecules are adsorbed on specially prepared metal (typically silver or gold) nanostructured surfaces. Discovered by Fleischmann, Hendra, and McQuillan in 1974, SERS enables detection of vibrational signatures of single molecules and ultra-trace contaminants, revolutionizing analytical chemistry and forensics.	Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is a variant of conventional FTIR that measures infrared absorption through evanescent-wave interrogation of samples in direct contact with a high-refractive-index crystal. Developed by Harrick and Fahrenfort in the 1960s, ATR-FTIR is now the dominant form of FTIR spectroscopy, enabling rapid, non-destructive characterization of organic compounds, polymers, coatings, and biological materials without extensive sample preparation.	Circular Dichroism (CD) spectroscopy measures the differential absorption of left- and right-circularly polarized light by optically active molecules, particularly proteins and nucleic acids. Introduced by Greenfield and Fasman in 1969, CD is a rapid, non-destructive technique for characterizing secondary structure (alpha-helix, beta-sheet), monitoring protein folding transitions, and assessing conformational changes in response to pH, temperature, or ligand binding.