Linganisha mbinu

	Usikivu na Ubora	P-Value na Umuhimu wa Kimahesabu
Nyanja	Takwimu za Utafiti	Takwimu za Utafiti
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1978	1925
Mwanzilishi	Multiple sources in medical diagnosis and signal detection	Ronald Fisher
Aina	Concept	Concept
Chanzo asilia	Altman, D. G., & Bland, J. M. (1994). Diagnostic tests 1: Sensitivity and specificity. BMJ, 308(6943), 1552.	Fisher, R. A. (1925). Statistical Methods for Research Workers. Oliver and Boyd.
Majina mbadala	diagnostic accuracy, true positive rate, true negative rate, receiver operating characteristic	p-value, significance test, statistical significance, alpha level
Zinazohusiana	4	5
Muhtasari	Sensitivity and specificity are fundamental metrics of diagnostic test accuracy. Sensitivity is the probability that a test correctly identifies a person with the disease (true positive rate: TP / (TP + FN)). Specificity is the probability that a test correctly identifies a person without the disease (true negative rate: TN / (TN + FP)). Every test involves a trade-off: increasing sensitivity (catching all sick people) often reduces specificity (more false alarms). Choice of test threshold depends on the clinical context: screening for serious diseases favors sensitivity; confirming a diagnosis favors specificity.	The p-value is the probability of observing data as extreme as or more extreme than what was actually observed, assuming the null hypothesis is true. Introduced by Ronald Fisher in 1925, it is the foundation of frequentist hypothesis testing. Statistical significance is declared when the p-value falls below a pre-specified threshold (alpha level, typically 0.05).