Linganisha mbinu

	Jaribio la Kliniki la Kubahatisha (RCT)	Uchambuzi wa Uhai
Nyanja	Epidemiolojia	Takwimu za Utafiti
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1948 (first rigorously conducted RCT — MRC streptomycin trial)	1958
Mwanzilishi	Austin Bradford Hill; MRC Streptomycin Trial team	Edward L. Kaplan and Paul Meier
Aina	Interventional experimental study	Method
Chanzo asilia	Friedman, L. M., Furberg, C. D., DeMets, D. L., Reboussin, D. M., & Granger, C. B. (2015). Fundamentals of Clinical Trials (5th ed.). Springer. ISBN: 978-3319185385	Kaplan, E. L., & Meier, P. (1958). Nonparametric estimation from incomplete observations. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 53(282), 457–481.
Majina mbadala	RCT, randomized controlled trial, randomised controlled trial, clinical randomized trial	Kaplan-Meier analysis, Cox regression, TTE analysis
Zinazohusiana	6	3
Muhtasari	A randomized clinical trial (RCT) is an experimental study design in which participants are randomly assigned to an intervention group or a control group, then followed prospectively to compare outcomes. Random allocation is the defining feature: it distributes known and unknown confounders across groups by chance, making the RCT the strongest individual study design for establishing causal efficacy of a treatment or intervention under controlled conditions.	Survival analysis is a collection of statistical methods for modeling time from a defined starting point until an event of interest occurs (disease, recovery, death, equipment failure). Kaplan and Meier's nonparametric estimator (1958) and David Cox's proportional hazards model (1972) jointly enabled analysis of censored data—individuals whose event times are unknown because they left the study or were still event-free at follow-up. Indispensable in oncology, cardiology, infectious disease research, engineering reliability, and any field where time-to-event matters.