Linganisha mbinu
Pitia mbinu ulizochagua bega kwa bega; safu zinazotofautiana zinaangaziwa.
| Profile of Mood States (POMS)× | Maswali ya Uthabiti wa Akili (MTQ48)× | |
|---|---|---|
| Nyanja | Saikolojia ya Michezo | Saikolojia ya Michezo |
| Familia | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| Mwaka wa asili≠ | 1971 | 2002 |
| Mwanzilishi≠ | Douglas McNair, Maurice Lorr, Lorne Droppleman | Peter Clough, Keith Earle, David Sewell |
| Aina≠ | Self-report mood adjectives questionnaire | Self-report mental toughness and resilience questionnaire |
| Chanzo asilia≠ | McNair, D. M., Lorr, M., & Droppleman, L. F. (1971). Profile of Mood States. Educational and Industrial Testing Service (EDITS). link ↗ | Clough, P. J., Earle, K., & Sewell, D. (2002). Mental toughness: A definition and measured construct. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 14(3), 169–187. link ↗ |
| Majina mbadala≠ | POMS, POMS-2 | MTQ48, Mental Toughness, 4Cs |
| Zinazohusiana | 4 | 4 |
| Muhtasari≠ | The POMS is a 65-item self-report questionnaire that measures six dimensions of mood: Tension, Depression, Anger, Vigor, Fatigue, and Confusion. Developed by McNair, Lorr, and Droppleman in 1971, it has become a cornerstone instrument in sport psychology for monitoring athlete psychological state before competition, during training, and in response to interventions. | The MTQ48 is a 48-item instrument measuring mental toughness—the capacity to perform well under pressure, persist through adversity, maintain emotional control, and sustain commitment toward goals. Developed by Clough, Earle, and Sewell in 2002, the MTQ48 operationalizes mental toughness across four dimensions (the '4Cs': Control, Commitment, Challenge, and Confidence) and has become widely adopted in sport psychology, talent development, and organizational psychology for identifying and developing psychological resilience. |
| ScholarGateSeti ya data ↗ |
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