Linganisha mbinu

	Alama ya Hatari ya Poligeniki	Jaribio la Usambazaji Usio na Usawa
Nyanja	Jenetiki	Jenetiki
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	2007	1993
Mwanzilishi	Shaun Purcell & Nicholas Wray	Richard Spielman & Warren Ewens
Aina	Predictive genomic method	Hypothesis test
Chanzo asilia	Purcell, S. M., Wray, N. R., Stone, J. L., Visscher, P. M., O'Donovan, M. C., Sullivan, P. F., & Sklar, P. (2007). Common polygenic variation contributes to risk of schizophrenia. Nature, 460(7256), 748–752.	Spielman, R. S., McGinnis, R. E., & Ewens, W. J. (1993). Transmission test for linkage disequilibrium. American Journal of Human Genetics, 52(3), 506–516.
Majina mbadala	PRS, Polygenic score, Genomic risk score	TDT, Family-based association test
Zinazohusiana	4	4
Muhtasari	A polygenic risk score (PRS) is a summary measure that aggregates the effects of many genetic variants across the genome to predict an individual's genetic predisposition to disease or other complex traits. Developed initially by Purcell and colleagues in 2007, PRS methods combine genome-wide association study (GWAS) results with an individual's genotype to generate a personalized risk estimate. PRS approaches have transformed precision medicine by enabling risk stratification and early intervention in populations at high genetic risk.	The Transmission Disequilibrium Test (TDT) is a family-based statistical method for testing genetic association with disease or traits while inherently controlling for population stratification. Developed by Spielman and Ewens in 1993, the TDT examines whether an allele is preferentially transmitted from heterozygous parents to affected children compared to unaffected children. By comparing transmission patterns within families, the TDT avoids the confounding effects of population structure that plague case-control studies, making it particularly valuable in admixed or stratified populations.