Linganisha mbinu

	Dakala la Kujieleza kwa Mwili (PSDQ)	Maswali ya Uthabiti wa Akili (MTQ48)
Nyanja	Saikolojia ya Michezo	Saikolojia ya Michezo
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1994	2002
Mwanzilishi	Herbert W. Marsh, Geoffrey E. Richards	Peter Clough, Keith Earle, David Sewell
Aina	Self-report multidimensional physical self-concept questionnaire	Self-report mental toughness and resilience questionnaire
Chanzo asilia	Marsh, H. W., Richards, G. E., Johnson, S., Roche, L., & Tremayne, P. (1994). Physical Self-Description Questionnaire: Psychometric properties and a multitrait-multimethod analysis. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 16(3), 270–305.	Clough, P. J., Earle, K., & Sewell, D. (2002). Mental toughness: A definition and measured construct. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 14(3), 169–187.
Majina mbadala	PSDQ, Physical Self-Concept	MTQ48, Mental Toughness, 4Cs
Zinazohusiana	4	4
Muhtasari	The PSDQ is a 40-item questionnaire measuring multidimensional physical self-concept—how individuals perceive and evaluate themselves across 11 physical domains including strength, endurance, body appearance, sports competence, and fitness. Developed by Marsh and colleagues in 1994, the PSDQ has become the leading instrument for assessing physical self-concept in youth and adult athletes and is valuable for understanding body image, exercise motivation, and psychological wellbeing.	The MTQ48 is a 48-item instrument measuring mental toughness—the capacity to perform well under pressure, persist through adversity, maintain emotional control, and sustain commitment toward goals. Developed by Clough, Earle, and Sewell in 2002, the MTQ48 operationalizes mental toughness across four dimensions (the '4Cs': Control, Commitment, Challenge, and Confidence) and has become widely adopted in sport psychology, talent development, and organizational psychology for identifying and developing psychological resilience.