Linganisha mbinu

	Kielelezo cha Mkazo wa Uzazi (PSI)	Kifaa cha Tathmini ya Familia (FAD)
Nyanja	Saikolojia ya Kijamii	Saikolojia ya Kijamii
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1983	1983
Mwanzilishi	Richard R. Abidin	Norman Epstein, Deborah Baldwin, and David Bishop
Aina	Self-report questionnaire	Self-report family assessment
Chanzo asilia	Abidin, R. R. (1983). Parenting Stress Index: Administration, scoring, and interpretation manual. Charlottesville, VA: Pediatric Psychology Press.	Epstein, N. B., Baldwin, L. M., & Bishop, D. S. (1983). The McMaster Family Assessment Device. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 9(2), 171-180.
Majina mbadala	PSI, Parenting Stress Index – Full Length, PSI-SF	FAD, McMaster Family Assessment Device
Zinazohusiana	3	3
Muhtasari	The Parenting Stress Index is the most widely used multidimensional assessment of parenting stress in mothers and fathers of children from infancy through age 10. Developed by Richard Abidin in 1983, it measures three major stress domains: parental distress (feeling overwhelmed, loss of control, role restriction), parent–child dysfunctional interaction (negative reciprocal patterns), and difficult child characteristics (behavioral and developmental challenges). The PSI has become essential in early intervention programs, family support services, and clinical evaluation of parenting difficulties.	The Family Assessment Device is a widely used self-report instrument designed to measure family functioning across six key domains derived from the McMaster Model of Family Functioning. Developed by Epstein, Baldwin, and Bishop in 1983, the FAD assesses problem-solving, communication, roles, affective responsiveness, affective involvement, and behavioral control in families. It is used extensively in family therapy research, clinical assessment of family dynamics, and as an outcome measure in family-based interventions for mental health, medical, and developmental conditions.