Linganisha mbinu

	P-Value na Umuhimu wa Kimahesabu	Upimaji wa Hipothesi sifuri
Nyanja	Takwimu za Utafiti	Takwimu za Utafiti
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1925	1925
Mwanzilishi	Ronald Fisher	Ronald Fisher; Neyman & Pearson
Aina	Concept	Concept
Chanzo asilia	Fisher, R. A. (1925). Statistical Methods for Research Workers. Oliver and Boyd.	Fisher, R. A. (1925). Statistical Methods for Research Workers. Oliver and Boyd.
Majina mbadala	p-value, significance test, statistical significance, alpha level	NHST, hypothesis formulation, null hypothesis, alternative hypothesis
Zinazohusiana	5	4
Muhtasari	The p-value is the probability of observing data as extreme as or more extreme than what was actually observed, assuming the null hypothesis is true. Introduced by Ronald Fisher in 1925, it is the foundation of frequentist hypothesis testing. Statistical significance is declared when the p-value falls below a pre-specified threshold (alpha level, typically 0.05).	Null Hypothesis Significance Testing (NHST) is the dominant statistical framework in empirical research. The null hypothesis (H₀) represents the default assumption—typically 'no effect' or 'no difference'—while the alternative hypothesis (H₁) represents the claim being tested. The test calculates the probability of observing the data given H₀ is true (p-value); if p is very small, H₀ is rejected in favor of H₁. Formulated by Ronald Fisher and extended by Neyman and Pearson in the early 20th century, NHST is foundational to confirmatory research but has been widely critiqued for misuse and misinterpretation.