Linganisha mbinu

	Utambuzi wa Data Nje ya Usambazaji	Uhakiki wa Kutokuwa na Uhakika
Nyanja	Ujifunzaji wa Mashine	Uigaji
Familia	Machine learning	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	2017	Seminal modern form: 2002
Mwanzilishi	Hendrycks & Gimpel	Norbert Wiener (polynomial chaos, 1938); extended to Wiener–Askey scheme by Xiu & Karniadakis (2002)
Aina	Reliability and safety method for neural networks	Computational uncertainty analysis framework
Chanzo asilia	Hendrycks, D., & Gimpel, K. (2017). A baseline for detecting misclassified and out-of-distribution examples in neural networks. International Conference on Learning Representations.	Xiu, D. & Karniadakis, G.E. (2002). The Wiener-Askey Polynomial Chaos for Stochastic Differential Equations. SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing, 24(2), 619–644.
Majina mbadala	OOD Detection, Novelty Detection, Open-Set Recognition, Dağılım Dışı Tespit	UQ, polynomial chaos expansion, PCE, Kriging surrogate
Zinazohusiana	3	9
Muhtasari	Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection is a set of techniques that identify when a deployed machine learning model receives inputs that differ significantly from its training data distribution. Introduced as a formal problem by Hendrycks and Gimpel in 2017, these methods enable models to flag unfamiliar inputs rather than silently produce unreliable predictions, making them foundational to trustworthy and safe AI deployment in high-stakes domains.	Uncertainty Quantification (UQ) is a computational framework for systematically measuring how uncertainty in the inputs of a model propagates into uncertainty in its outputs. Building on Wiener's polynomial chaos theory (1938) and formalised for general stochastic problems by Xiu and Karniadakis (2002), UQ uses two primary strategies: Polynomial Chaos Expansion (PCE), which represents the model output as a series of orthogonal polynomials matched to the input distributions, and Kriging (Gaussian process) surrogates, which replace an expensive simulation with a fast statistical approximation fitted to a small set of carefully chosen runs.