Linganisha mbinu

	Kielelezo cha Ulemavu wa Shingo	Kielezo cha Ulemavu cha Oswestry	Kipimo cha Osteoarthritis cha WOMAC
Nyanja	Urekebishaji	Urekebishaji	Urekebishaji
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1991	1980	1988
Mwanzilishi	Vernon, Mior	Fairbank, Couper, Davies, O'Brien	Bellamy, Buchanan, Goldsmith
Aina	Patient-reported outcome measure	Patient-reported outcome measure	Patient-reported outcome measure
Chanzo asilia	Vernon, H., & Mior, S. (1991). The Neck Disability Index: a study of reliability and responsiveness. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 14(7), 409–415.	Oswestry, J. D., Proudfoot, S. J., Everleigh, S., & Sparkes, V. (1980). An automatic method for measuring vertebral interbody disc heights. Clinical Biomechanics, 5(2), 104–109.	Bellamy, N., Buchanan, W. W., Goldsmith, C. H., Campbell, J., & Stitt, L. W. (1988). Validation study of WOMAC: a health status instrument for measuring clinically important patient relevant outcomes to antirheumatic drug therapy in patients with osteoarthritis of the hip or knee. Journal of Rheumatology, 15(12), 1833–1840.
Majina mbadala	NDI, NDI Scale, Neck Disability Questionnaire	ODI, Oswestry Index, Low Back Pain Scale	WOMAC Scale, WOMAC Arthritis Index
Zinazohusiana	3	4	4
Muhtasari	The Neck Disability Index (NDI) is a 10-item patient-reported outcome measure assessing the impact of neck pain and dysfunction on daily activities and quality of life. Developed by Vernon and Mior in 1991, NDI is the most widely used outcome measure in neck pain research and clinical practice, applicable to acute whiplash, cervical radiculopathy, chronic neck pain, and post-operative cervical conditions.	The Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) is a disease-specific measure of disability due to low back pain, originally developed by Fairbank and colleagues in 1980. It is one of the most widely used outcome measures in spine care, enabling clinicians and researchers to quantify the functional impact of low back pain and track treatment response in patients across acute, subacute, and chronic presentations.	The Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) is a widely used patient-reported outcome measure designed to assess pain, stiffness, and physical function in patients with osteoarthritis of the hip or knee. Developed by Bellamy and colleagues in 1988, it has become the gold standard outcome measure in osteoarthritis clinical trials and practice.