Linganisha mbinu

	Kielelezo cha Ulemavu wa Shingo	Kipimo cha Matokeo ya DASH	Kielezo cha Ulemavu cha Oswestry
Nyanja	Urekebishaji	Urekebishaji	Urekebishaji
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1991	1996	1980
Mwanzilishi	Vernon, Mior	Hudak, Amadio, Bombardier	Fairbank, Couper, Davies, O'Brien
Aina	Patient-reported outcome measure	Patient-reported outcome measure	Patient-reported outcome measure
Chanzo asilia	Vernon, H., & Mior, S. (1991). The Neck Disability Index: a study of reliability and responsiveness. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 14(7), 409–415.	Hudak, P. L., Amadio, P. C., & Bombardier, C. (1996). Development of an upper extremity outcome measure: the DASH (Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand). American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 29(6), 602–608.	Oswestry, J. D., Proudfoot, S. J., Everleigh, S., & Sparkes, V. (1980). An automatic method for measuring vertebral interbody disc heights. Clinical Biomechanics, 5(2), 104–109.
Majina mbadala	NDI, NDI Scale, Neck Disability Questionnaire	DASH, QuickDASH	ODI, Oswestry Index, Low Back Pain Scale
Zinazohusiana	3	4	4
Muhtasari	The Neck Disability Index (NDI) is a 10-item patient-reported outcome measure assessing the impact of neck pain and dysfunction on daily activities and quality of life. Developed by Vernon and Mior in 1991, NDI is the most widely used outcome measure in neck pain research and clinical practice, applicable to acute whiplash, cervical radiculopathy, chronic neck pain, and post-operative cervical conditions.	The Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) is a 30-item self-report questionnaire designed to measure physical disability and symptoms in patients with upper extremity disorders. Developed by Hudak, Amadio, and Bombardier in 1996, the DASH has become the most widely used patient-reported outcome measure for assessing disability and functional impact in shoulder, elbow, wrist, and hand conditions.	The Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) is a disease-specific measure of disability due to low back pain, originally developed by Fairbank and colleagues in 1980. It is one of the most widely used outcome measures in spine care, enabling clinicians and researchers to quantify the functional impact of low back pain and track treatment response in patients across acute, subacute, and chronic presentations.