Linganisha mbinu

	Chombo cha Kuchunguza Utapiamlo (MST)	Katz Index of Independence in Activities of Daily Living (ADL)	Kipimo cha Tathmini ya Hatari ya Majeraha ya Shinikizo cha Waterlow
Nyanja	Uuguzi	Uuguzi	Uuguzi
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1999	1963	1985
Mwanzilishi	Michelle Ferguson	Sidney Katz	Judy Waterlow
Aina	Patient self-report screening tool	Clinician-rated or observational functional assessment	Clinician-rated risk assessment tool
Chanzo asilia	Ferguson, M., Capra, S., Bauer, J., & Banks, M. (1999). Development of a valid and reliable malnutrition screening tool for adult acute hospital patients. Nutrition, 15(6), 458-464.	Katz, S., Ford, A. B., Moskowitz, R. W., Jackson, B. A., & Jaffe, M. W. (1963). Studies of Illness in the Aged: The Index of ADL, a standardized measure of biological and psychosocial function. JAMA, 185(12), 914-919.	Waterlow, J. (1985). A risk assessment tool for pressure sores. Nursing Times, 81(48), 49-55.
Majina mbadala	MST, Malnutrition Screening, Nutritional Risk Screen	Katz Index, Katz ADL Scale, Index of ADL	Waterlow Scale, Pressure Ulcer Risk Assessment, Waterlow Score
Zinazohusiana	3	3	3
Muhtasari	The Malnutrition Screening Tool (MST), developed by Michelle Ferguson and colleagues in 1999, is a brief, validated screening instrument designed to identify hospitalized patients at risk for malnutrition. The tool consists of two simple questions about recent unintentional weight loss and reduced food intake, yielding a quick numerical score. Since its publication, the MST has become widely adopted in acute hospitals, residential aged care facilities, and community settings as a rapid, reliable first-line screen for nutritional risk.	The Katz Index of Independence in Activities of Daily Living, developed by Sidney Katz and colleagues in 1963, is one of the earliest and most widely used tools for assessing functional status in older adults and persons with chronic illness. The scale evaluates six essential self-care activities (bathing, dressing, toileting, transfer, continence, feeding) through direct observation or interview and assigns an overall grade (A through G) reflecting the degree of independence. It remains a foundational instrument in geriatric assessment, rehabilitation medicine, and long-term care settings.	The Waterlow Pressure Injury Risk Assessment Scale, developed by Judy Waterlow in 1985, is a widely used clinical tool in nursing for identifying patients at risk of developing pressure injuries (formerly called pressure ulcers or bedsores). The scale evaluates multiple risk factors including age, mobility, skin condition, weight/body mass index, appetite, and incontinence status, generating a numerical risk score that guides preventive care intensity. It is standard in hospital, long-term care, and community nursing settings across the United Kingdom, Europe, and internationally.