Linganisha mbinu

	Mchanganuo wa Milia Iliyoingiliwa katika Utafiti wa Elimu	Kielelezo cha Athari Zilizowekwa za Data ya Paneli
Nyanja	Uhitimisho wa Kisababishi	Ekonometriki
Familia	Regression model	Regression model
Mwaka wa asili	1979-2002	2014
Mwanzilishi	Shadish, Cook & Campbell (quasi-experimental design); Wagner et al. (segmented regression formalization)	Hsiao (textbook treatment); within transformation of panel data
Aina	Quasi-experimental causal inference	Panel data regression
Chanzo asilia	Shadish, W. R., Cook, T. D., & Campbell, D. T. (2002). Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Generalized Causal Inference. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN: 978-0395615560	Hsiao, C. (2014). Analysis of Panel Data (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Majina mbadala	ITS in education, educational ITS, segmented regression in education, policy interrupted time series	fixed effects model, within estimator, panel fixed-effects regression, Panel Veri — Sabit Etkiler Modeli
Zinazohusiana	4	5
Muhtasari	Interrupted time series (ITS) analysis is a quasi-experimental design that estimates the causal effect of an education policy or intervention by examining whether an outcome trend changes abruptly at the point of implementation. Applied to education, it is used to evaluate reforms, curriculum changes, testing policies, and school interventions using routinely collected longitudinal data without a randomised control group.	The Panel Data Fixed Effects model estimates relationships from panel data (the same units observed over several time periods) while controlling for unit- and/or time-specific effects, supporting causal inference. It is developed as the within estimator in standard treatments such as Hsiao's Analysis of Panel Data (2014).