Linganisha mbinu

	Indirect Standardization	Uchanganuzi wa Jedwali la Maisha
Nyanja	Demografia	Demografia
Familia	Process / pipeline	Survival analysis
Mwaka wa asili	2001	1984
Mwanzilishi	Classical demographic method (formalized by Preston, Heuveline & Guillot)	Demographic/actuarial tradition; Chiang
Aina	Rate adjustment using a standard schedule of group-specific rates	Age-structured mortality estimator
Chanzo asilia	Preston, S. H., Heuveline, P., & Guillot, M. (2001). Demography: Measuring and Modeling Population Processes. Blackwell. ISBN: 9781557864512	Chiang, C. L. (1984). The Life Table and Its Applications. Robert E. Krieger Publishing. ISBN: 978-0-89874-565-2
Majina mbadala	Indirect method of standardization, Standardized mortality ratio, SMR method, Dolaylı Standardizasyon	Mortality Table, Actuarial Table, Survival Table, Yaşam Tablosu
Zinazohusiana	4	3
Muhtasari	Indirect standardization is a demographic technique for comparing summary rates when a study population's own group-specific rates are too sparse to be reliable. Instead of reweighting the study population's rates, it applies a trusted standard schedule of group-specific rates to the study population's own structure to compute the number of events that would be expected. The ratio of observed to expected events — the standardized mortality ratio (SMR) — measures how the study population's risk compares with the standard, adjusted for its composition.	A life table is a systematic, age-structured summary of the mortality experience of a population. It traces a hypothetical cohort of births — conventionally 100,000 — through successive age intervals, recording how many survive, how many die, and how many person-years are lived at each interval. The method was formalized in its modern probabilistic form by Chiang (1984), synthesizing centuries of actuarial and demographic practice into a rigorous statistical framework applicable to human and biological populations alike.