Linganisha mbinu

	Ubunifu wa Kukatika kwa Regresheni Isiyo Dhahiri katika Utafiti wa Elimu	Ulinganishaji wa Alama ya Mwelekeo
Nyanja	Uhitimisho wa Kisababishi	Takwimu za Utafiti
Familia	Regression model	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	Late 1990s–2000s	1983
Mwanzilishi	Imbens & Lemieux (2008); applied in education by Jacob & Lefgren (2004) and Angrist & Lavy (1999)	Paul Rosenbaum and Donald Rubin
Aina	Quasi-experimental / causal inference	Method
Chanzo asilia	Imbens, G. W., & Lemieux, T. (2008). Regression discontinuity designs: A guide to practice. Journal of Econometrics, 142(2), 615-635.	Rosenbaum, P. R., & Rubin, D. B. (1983). The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects. Biometrika, 70(1), 41–55.
Majina mbadala	Fuzzy RDD, Fuzzy RD, Imperfect RDD, Non-sharp RD	PSM, propensity score weighting, covariate balance
Zinazohusiana	4	3
Muhtasari	Fuzzy Regression Discontinuity Design (Fuzzy RDD) is a quasi-experimental causal method that exploits a known score threshold — such as a test cutoff — to estimate the effect of a program or intervention when assignment is imperfect. Widely used in education research to evaluate summer school, remedial programs, scholarships, and class-size rules, it uses two-stage least squares to recover a local average treatment effect for students near the threshold.	Propensity score matching (PSM) is a method for reducing confounding bias in observational studies by balancing baseline characteristics between treatment groups, simulating randomization. Developed by Rosenbaum and Rubin (1983), it estimates the probability of receiving treatment given observed covariates, then matches or weights treated and control individuals with similar treatment probabilities. Widely used in medicine, epidemiology, and policy evaluation when randomized trials are infeasible or unethical, enabling estimation of treatment effects while controlling for selection bias.