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| Ukubwa wa Athari (Effect Size)× | P-Value na Umuhimu wa Kimahesabu× | |
|---|---|---|
| Nyanja | Takwimu za Utafiti | Takwimu za Utafiti |
| Familia | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| Mwaka wa asili≠ | 1988 | 1925 |
| Mwanzilishi≠ | Jacob Cohen | Ronald Fisher |
| Aina | Concept | Concept |
| Chanzo asilia≠ | Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN: 0-8058-0283-5 | Fisher, R. A. (1925). Statistical Methods for Research Workers. Oliver and Boyd. link ↗ |
| Majina mbadala | ES, Cohen's d, standardized effect, practical significance | p-value, significance test, statistical significance, alpha level |
| Zinazohusiana≠ | 4 | 5 |
| Muhtasari≠ | Effect size quantifies the magnitude of a research finding independent of sample size. While a p-value tells you whether a result is statistically significant, an effect size tells you how big the result is. Jacob Cohen formalized effect size measurement in behavioral sciences (1988), establishing standard benchmarks (small = 0.2, medium = 0.5, large = 0.8 for Cohen's d). Effect sizes are essential for meta-analysis, power analysis, and communicating the practical importance of research findings. | The p-value is the probability of observing data as extreme as or more extreme than what was actually observed, assuming the null hypothesis is true. Introduced by Ronald Fisher in 1925, it is the foundation of frequentist hypothesis testing. Statistical significance is declared when the p-value falls below a pre-specified threshold (alpha level, typically 0.05). |
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