Linganisha mbinu

	Uhakika maradufu wa makadirio katika utafiti wa elimu	Ukadiriaji Imara Mara Mbili (AIPW)
Nyanja	Uhitimisho wa Kisababishi	Uhitimisho wa Kisababishi
Familia	Regression model	Regression model
Mwaka wa asili	1994-2005	2005
Mwanzilishi	Robins, Rotnitzky & Zhao (1994); Bang & Robins (2005)	Robins & Rotnitzky; Bang & Robins
Aina	Causal inference / semiparametric estimator	Semiparametric causal estimator
Chanzo asilia	Bang, H., & Robins, J. M. (2005). Doubly Robust Estimation in Missing Data and Causal Inference Models. Biometrics, 61(4), 962-973.	Robins, J. M. & Rotnitzky, A. (1995). Semiparametric Efficiency in Multivariate Regression Models with Missing Data. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 90(429), 122-129.
Majina mbadala	DR estimator in education, AIPW in education, augmented IPW in education research, doubly robust causal estimation for educational outcomes	AIPW, augmented inverse probability weighting, doubly robust estimator, Çift Gürbüz Kestirici (Augmented IPW / AIPW)
Zinazohusiana	6	5
Muhtasari	Doubly robust estimation (DR) is a semiparametric causal inference approach that combines an outcome regression model with a propensity score model. In education research, it is used to estimate the causal effect of educational programs, interventions, or policies on student outcomes when treatment assignment is non-random but observed covariates can account for selection bias. The estimator is consistent if either — not necessarily both — of the two component models is correctly specified.	Doubly Robust Estimation, also called Augmented Inverse Probability Weighting (AIPW), is a semiparametric method for estimating causal treatment effects that combines an outcome regression model with a propensity (treatment) model. Developed in the work of Robins & Rotnitzky (1995) and Bang & Robins (2005), it stays consistent as long as at least one of the two models is correctly specified.