Linganisha mbinu

	Kikokotozi cha Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS)	Urejeshaji wa Njia ya Viwango Vidogo vya Kawaida (OLS)	Vipimo vya Kointergesheni ya Paneli (Pedroni, Kao, Westerlund)
Nyanja	Ekonometriki	Ekonometriki	Ekonometriki
Familia	Regression model	Regression model	Regression model
Mwaka wa asili	1993	2019	2004
Mwanzilishi	Stock & Watson (1993); panel extension Kao & Chiang (2001)	Wooldridge (textbook treatment); classical least squares	Pedroni; Kao; Westerlund
Aina	Cointegrating regression estimator	Linear regression	Panel cointegration test
Chanzo asilia	Stock, J. H. & Watson, M. W. (1993). A Simple Estimator of Cointegrating Vectors in Higher Order Integrated Systems. Econometrica, 61(4), 783–820.	Wooldridge, J. M. (2019). Introductory Econometrics: A Modern Approach (7th ed.). Cengage Learning. ISBN: 978-1337558860	Pedroni, P. (2004). Panel Cointegration: Asymptotic and Finite Sample Properties of Pooled Time Series Tests with an Application to the PPP Hypothesis. Econometric Theory, 20(3), 597–625.
Majina mbadala	DOLS, Stock-Watson dynamic OLS, dynamic least squares cointegration estimator, Dinamik OLS (DOLS)	ordinary least squares, classical linear regression, linear regression, en küçük kareler regresyonu	Pedroni cointegration test, Kao cointegration test, Westerlund cointegration test, panel long-run equilibrium tests
Zinazohusiana	5	5	3
Muhtasari	Dynamic OLS is a cointegrating-regression estimator introduced by Stock and Watson (1993) that recovers the long-run relationship between I(1) variables. It augments the static regression with leads and lags of the differenced regressors, correcting endogeneity bias parametrically so that the long-run coefficient can be estimated by ordinary least squares.	Ordinary Least Squares is the classical linear regression method that explains a continuous outcome as a linear combination of predictors. It estimates the coefficients by minimising the sum of squared residuals, and under the Gauss-Markov assumptions these estimates are the best linear unbiased estimator (BLUE).	Panel cointegration tests check whether a set of integrated variables share a stable long-run equilibrium relationship across a panel of cross-sectional units. Pedroni (1999, 2004) provides heterogeneous-panel tests with seven statistics, Kao (1999) gives an ADF-based homogeneous-panel test, and Westerlund (2007) adds error-correction-based tests robust to structural breaks and cross-sectional dependence.