Linganisha mbinu

	Discourse Completion Task	Uchambuzi wa Maudhui	Matched-Guise Technique
Nyanja	Isimu	Mbinu za Kimaelezo	Isimu
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1989	Systematised through Krippendorff's methodology work; 4th edition 2018	1960
Mwanzilishi	Shoshana Blum-Kulka, Juliane House & Gabriele Kasper (CCSARP project)	Klaus Krippendorff (systematic formulation); roots in early 20th-century communications research	Wallace Lambert and colleagues
Aina	Written/oral elicitation instrument for speech-act data	Qualitative / mixed-method research technique	Indirect experimental measure of language attitudes
Chanzo asilia	Blum-Kulka, S., House, J., & Kasper, G. (Eds.) (1989). Cross-Cultural Pragmatics: Requests and Apologies. Ablex Publishing. ISBN: 9780893915131	Krippendorff, K. (2018). Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology (4th ed.). Sage. ISBN: 978-1506395661	Lambert, W. E., Hodgson, R. C., Gardner, R. C., & Fillenbaum, S. (1960). Evaluational reactions to spoken languages. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 60(1), 44–51.
Majina mbadala	Discourse Completion Test, DCT, Production Questionnaire	İçerik Analizi, systematic content coding, quantitative content analysis	Matched Guise Test, Matched-Guise Experiment, Language Attitude Matched Guise
Zinazohusiana	3	5	2
Muhtasari	The discourse completion task (DCT) is an elicitation instrument widely used in pragmatics to gather data on how people perform speech acts such as requests, apologies, refusals, and compliments. Respondents read short descriptions of situations and write (or say) what they would utter in each, allowing researchers to collect comparable speech-act data across many speakers, languages, and cultures under controlled conditions. It was popularized by the Cross-Cultural Speech Act Realization Project (CCSARP) of Blum-Kulka, House, and Kasper in 1989.	Content analysis is a systematic research technique for reducing text, visual, or media material into coded categories so that patterns can be counted, compared, and interpreted. Formalised by Klaus Krippendorff in his widely cited methodology textbook (latest edition 2018), the method sits at the boundary of qualitative and quantitative inquiry: it imposes structured, replicable coding on inherently meaning-laden material.	The matched-guise technique is an indirect experimental method for measuring attitudes toward languages, dialects, and accents. Developed by Wallace Lambert and colleagues in 1960, it has the same bilingual or bidialectal speaker record the same passage in two or more language varieties ('guises'); listeners, believing they are hearing different speakers, rate each recording on personality and status traits. Because the voice, content, and delivery are held constant, any differences in the ratings can be attributed to listeners' attitudes toward the variety itself.