Linganisha mbinu

	Discourse Completion Task	Uchambuzi wa Maudhui
Nyanja	Isimu	Mbinu za Kimaelezo
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1989	Systematised through Krippendorff's methodology work; 4th edition 2018
Mwanzilishi	Shoshana Blum-Kulka, Juliane House & Gabriele Kasper (CCSARP project)	Klaus Krippendorff (systematic formulation); roots in early 20th-century communications research
Aina	Written/oral elicitation instrument for speech-act data	Qualitative / mixed-method research technique
Chanzo asilia	Blum-Kulka, S., House, J., & Kasper, G. (Eds.) (1989). Cross-Cultural Pragmatics: Requests and Apologies. Ablex Publishing. ISBN: 9780893915131	Krippendorff, K. (2018). Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology (4th ed.). Sage. ISBN: 978-1506395661
Majina mbadala	Discourse Completion Test, DCT, Production Questionnaire	İçerik Analizi, systematic content coding, quantitative content analysis
Zinazohusiana	3	5
Muhtasari	The discourse completion task (DCT) is an elicitation instrument widely used in pragmatics to gather data on how people perform speech acts such as requests, apologies, refusals, and compliments. Respondents read short descriptions of situations and write (or say) what they would utter in each, allowing researchers to collect comparable speech-act data across many speakers, languages, and cultures under controlled conditions. It was popularized by the Cross-Cultural Speech Act Realization Project (CCSARP) of Blum-Kulka, House, and Kasper in 1989.	Content analysis is a systematic research technique for reducing text, visual, or media material into coded categories so that patterns can be counted, compared, and interpreted. Formalised by Klaus Krippendorff in his widely cited methodology textbook (latest edition 2018), the method sits at the boundary of qualitative and quantitative inquiry: it imposes structured, replicable coding on inherently meaning-laden material.