Linganisha mbinu

	Utafiti unaozingatia Ubunifu	Utafiti wa Kimaadili
Nyanja	Mbinu za Uwandani	Mbinu za Kimaelezo
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1992	c. 1922 (Malinowski's Argonauts of the Western Pacific)
Mwanzilishi	Ann L. Brown and Allan Collins (independently, 1992)	Bronisław Malinowski (modern ethnography); rooted in 19th-century anthropology
Aina	Interventionist qualitative-quantitative mixed methodology	Qualitative fieldwork tradition
Chanzo asilia	Brown, A. L. (1992). Design experiments: Theoretical and methodological challenges in creating complex interventions in classroom settings. Journal of the Learning Sciences, 2(2), 141–178.	Hammersley, M. & Atkinson, P. (2019). Ethnography: Principles in Practice (4th ed.). Routledge. ISBN: 978-1138504462
Majina mbadala	DBR, design research, design experiment, educational design research	Etnografi, participant observation, fieldwork, ethnographic research
Zinazohusiana	6	5
Muhtasari	Design-based research (DBR) is an iterative, interventionist methodology that simultaneously designs educational interventions and builds theory about how and why those interventions work in authentic, complex settings. Originating in Ann Brown's 1992 classroom experiments and Allan Collins's parallel work, DBR treats the learning environment as both the object of study and the site of theory generation, cycling through design, enactment, analysis, and redesign until both practical improvement and theoretical insight are achieved.	Ethnography is a qualitative research tradition in which a researcher immerses themselves in a social group or community over an extended period — typically three to six months or longer — to study its culture, values, and behaviours in their natural setting. Originating in social and cultural anthropology, and consolidated as a rigorous method by Bronisław Malinowski in the early twentieth century, ethnography produces rich, contextualised accounts of how people live, work, and make meaning together.