Linganisha mbinu

	Kipimo cha Matokeo ya DASH	Kipimo cha Ulemavu wa Nyonga na Matokeo ya Osteoarthritis	Kielezo cha Ulemavu cha Oswestry
Nyanja	Urekebishaji	Urekebishaji	Urekebishaji
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1996	2003	1980
Mwanzilishi	Hudak, Amadio, Bombardier	Nilsdotter, Lohmander, Klassbo, Roos	Fairbank, Couper, Davies, O'Brien
Aina	Patient-reported outcome measure	Patient-reported outcome measure	Patient-reported outcome measure
Chanzo asilia	Hudak, P. L., Amadio, P. C., & Bombardier, C. (1996). Development of an upper extremity outcome measure: the DASH (Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand). American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 29(6), 602–608.	Nilsdotter, A. K., Lohmander, L. S., Klassbo, M., & Roos, E. M. (2003). Hip Disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (HOOS): development and validation against generic outcome measures in hip osteoarthritis. Arthritis & Rheumatism, 48(11), 3336–3345.	Oswestry, J. D., Proudfoot, S. J., Everleigh, S., & Sparkes, V. (1980). An automatic method for measuring vertebral interbody disc heights. Clinical Biomechanics, 5(2), 104–109.
Majina mbadala	DASH, QuickDASH	HOOS, HOOS Scale	ODI, Oswestry Index, Low Back Pain Scale
Zinazohusiana	4	2	4
Muhtasari	The Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) is a 30-item self-report questionnaire designed to measure physical disability and symptoms in patients with upper extremity disorders. Developed by Hudak, Amadio, and Bombardier in 1996, the DASH has become the most widely used patient-reported outcome measure for assessing disability and functional impact in shoulder, elbow, wrist, and hand conditions.	The Hip Disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (HOOS) is a patient-reported outcome measure developed to assess pain, symptoms, function, and quality of life in patients with hip osteoarthritis and hip disability. Developed by Nilsdotter and colleagues in 2003, HOOS parallels the structure of KOOS (Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score) but is specifically tailored for the hip joint, making it the reference standard for hip osteoarthritis outcomes in clinical trials and practice.	The Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) is a disease-specific measure of disability due to low back pain, originally developed by Fairbank and colleagues in 1980. It is one of the most widely used outcome measures in spine care, enabling clinicians and researchers to quantify the functional impact of low back pain and track treatment response in patients across acute, subacute, and chronic presentations.