Linganisha mbinu

	Uchanganuzi wa Mihadhara Muhimu	Utafiti wa Kimaadili	Grounded Theory
Nyanja	Mbinu za Kimaelezo	Mbinu za Kimaelezo	Utafiti wa Kimaelezo
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	Late 1970s–1990s (systematised ~1979–1995)	c. 1922 (Malinowski's Argonauts of the Western Pacific)	1967
Mwanzilishi	Norman Fairclough; Teun A. van Dijk; Ruth Wodak	Bronisław Malinowski (modern ethnography); rooted in 19th-century anthropology	Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss
Aina	Qualitative research method	Qualitative fieldwork tradition	Method
Chanzo asilia	Fairclough, N. (1992). Discourse and Social Change. Polity Press.	Hammersley, M. & Atkinson, P. (2019). Ethnography: Principles in Practice (4th ed.). Routledge. ISBN: 978-1138504462	Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. Aldine.
Majina mbadala	CDA, Critical Linguistics, Discourse-Historical Approach, Dialectical-Relational Analysis	Etnografi, participant observation, fieldwork, ethnographic research	GT, Grounded Theory Approach
Zinazohusiana	6	5	3
Muhtasari	Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is a qualitative method that examines how language in texts and talk constructs, sustains, and challenges relations of power, ideology, and social inequality. Drawing on linguistics, social theory, and critical philosophy, CDA treats discourse not merely as communication but as social practice — a site where dominance is reproduced and where resistance can be articulated. Developed in the late twentieth century by Norman Fairclough, Teun van Dijk, and Ruth Wodak, among others, CDA is applied to political speeches, media texts, policy documents, educational materials, and institutional interactions.	Ethnography is a qualitative research tradition in which a researcher immerses themselves in a social group or community over an extended period — typically three to six months or longer — to study its culture, values, and behaviours in their natural setting. Originating in social and cultural anthropology, and consolidated as a rigorous method by Bronisław Malinowski in the early twentieth century, ethnography produces rich, contextualised accounts of how people live, work, and make meaning together.	Grounded Theory (GT) is a systematic qualitative research methodology in which theory emerges directly from data through iterative analysis, rather than being imposed before data collection. Developed by Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss in 1967, GT prioritizes generating explanatory frameworks grounded in evidence.