Linganisha mbinu

	Uchanganuzi wa Mihadhara Muhimu	Utafiti wa Kimaadili
Nyanja	Mbinu za Kimaelezo	Mbinu za Kimaelezo
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	Late 1970s–1990s (systematised ~1979–1995)	c. 1922 (Malinowski's Argonauts of the Western Pacific)
Mwanzilishi	Norman Fairclough; Teun A. van Dijk; Ruth Wodak	Bronisław Malinowski (modern ethnography); rooted in 19th-century anthropology
Aina	Qualitative research method	Qualitative fieldwork tradition
Chanzo asilia	Fairclough, N. (1992). Discourse and Social Change. Polity Press.	Hammersley, M. & Atkinson, P. (2019). Ethnography: Principles in Practice (4th ed.). Routledge. ISBN: 978-1138504462
Majina mbadala	CDA, Critical Linguistics, Discourse-Historical Approach, Dialectical-Relational Analysis	Etnografi, participant observation, fieldwork, ethnographic research
Zinazohusiana	6	5
Muhtasari	Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is a qualitative method that examines how language in texts and talk constructs, sustains, and challenges relations of power, ideology, and social inequality. Drawing on linguistics, social theory, and critical philosophy, CDA treats discourse not merely as communication but as social practice — a site where dominance is reproduced and where resistance can be articulated. Developed in the late twentieth century by Norman Fairclough, Teun van Dijk, and Ruth Wodak, among others, CDA is applied to political speeches, media texts, policy documents, educational materials, and institutional interactions.	Ethnography is a qualitative research tradition in which a researcher immerses themselves in a social group or community over an extended period — typically three to six months or longer — to study its culture, values, and behaviours in their natural setting. Originating in social and cultural anthropology, and consolidated as a rigorous method by Bronisław Malinowski in the early twentieth century, ethnography produces rich, contextualised accounts of how people live, work, and make meaning together.