Linganisha mbinu

	Mgongano wa Maslahi katika Utafiti	Uovu wa Utafiti
Nyanja	Maadili ya Utafiti	Maadili ya Utafiti
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	2013	2005
Mwanzilishi	Multiple (NIH, ICMJE, institutional COI policies)	U.S. Office of Research Integrity (ORI) / National Science Foundation; International standards via COPE
Aina	Guideline	Standard
Chanzo asilia	International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. (2023). Defining the Role of Authors and Contributors. ICMJE Recommendations for Manuscript Authorship.	U.S. Office of Research Integrity. (2005). Public Health Service Policy on Research Misconduct. 42 CFR Part 93. Federal Register.
Majina mbadala	COI, Conflicts of Interest	FFP, Research Fraud, Scientific Misconduct
Zinazohusiana	3	3
Muhtasari	A conflict of interest (COI) in research exists when a researcher has financial, professional, or personal interests that might bias their research judgment or outcomes. Conflicts are inherent in research communities—researchers often have legitimate stakes in their research's success—but unmanaged conflicts compromise research integrity and public trust. Managing COI requires transparent disclosure, institutional oversight, and proactive mitigation strategies to minimize bias risk while allowing legitimate research to proceed.	Research misconduct comprises intentional or reckless fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism in proposing, conducting, or reporting research. Formally defined by U.S. federal policy (42 CFR Part 93, Office of Research Integrity), misconduct is distinguished from honest error, negligence, and good-faith disagreements about research methods or interpretation. Misconduct undermines scientific integrity, harms subjects and institutions, wastes research resources, and erodes public trust in science. Allegations are investigated formally with due process; proven misconduct results in sanctions ranging from publication correction to career-ending bans.