Linganisha mbinu

	Hojaji ya Kiwewe cha Utotoni	Kiwango cha Udhibiti wa Hisia kwa Watoto na Vijana
Nyanja	Saikiatria ya Watoto	Saikiatria ya Watoto
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1994	1998
Mwanzilishi	David Bernstein	James Gross (Emotion Regulation Theory)
Aina	Self-report retrospective questionnaire	Self-report questionnaire
Chanzo asilia	Bernstein, D. P., Fink, L., Handelsman, L., Foote, J., Lovejoy, M., Ruggiero, D. F., . . . Rountree, J. (1994). Initial reliability and validity of a new retrospective measure of child abuse and neglect. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151(8), 1132–1136.	Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (1998). Mapping the domain of expressivity: Multimethod evidence for a hierarchical model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(1), 170–191.
Majina mbadala	CTQ, CTQ-SF	ERQ-CA, ERQ-Child
Zinazohusiana	3	3
Muhtasari	The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) is a 28-item self-report measure assessing retrospective experiences of childhood abuse and neglect in adolescents and adults. Developed by David Bernstein and colleagues in 1994, the CTQ quantifies five types of maltreatment: physical abuse, emotional abuse, sexual abuse, physical neglect, and emotional neglect. It is widely used in clinical, forensic, and research settings to understand the role of childhood trauma in adult mental health, substance use, trauma-related disorders, and risk factors for future violence.	The Emotion Regulation Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents (ERQ-CA) is a 10-item self-report measure of emotion regulation strategies in children and adolescents ages 10–18 years. Based on Gross's process model of emotion regulation, the ERQ-CA assesses two key strategies: Cognitive Reappraisal (reinterpreting emotional situations to reduce emotional impact) and Expressive Suppression (inhibiting emotional responses). It is widely used in developmental psychology and clinical research to understand emotion management abilities and links to mental health outcomes.