Linganisha mbinu
Pitia mbinu ulizochagua bega kwa bega; safu zinazotofautiana zinaangaziwa.
| Uchanganuzi wa Kipengele cha Uhakika (CFA)× | Uchambuzi wa Utendaji Tofauti wa Kipengee (DIF)× | |
|---|---|---|
| Nyanja≠ | Takwimu | Saikometriki |
| Familia | Latent structure | Latent structure |
| Mwaka wa asili≠ | 1969 | 1988 |
| Mwanzilishi≠ | Karl Jöreskog | Paul W. Holland & Dorothy T. Thayer (Mantel-Haenszel approach, 1988) |
| Aina≠ | Confirmatory latent variable model | Item-level fairness / measurement equivalence analysis |
| Chanzo asilia≠ | Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Applied Research (2nd ed.). The Guilford Press. ISBN: 978-1462515363 | Holland, P. W. & Thayer, D. T. (1988). Differential Item Performance and the Mantel-Haenszel Procedure. ETS Research Report Series. link ↗ |
| Majina mbadala≠ | Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi (CFA), confirmatory factor analysis, measurement model | Madde Yanlılık Analizi (DIF — Differential Item Functioning), item bias analysis, Mantel-Haenszel DIF, Lord chi-square DIF |
| Zinazohusiana | 4 | 4 |
| Muhtasari≠ | Confirmatory factor analysis tests whether a researcher-specified factor structure fits the observed data. Formalised by Karl Jöreskog in 1969, it is the measurement-model step within structural equation modelling and is the standard tool for validating the factorial structure of scales and questionnaires before comparing groups or estimating latent relationships. | Differential Item Functioning analysis examines whether examinees from different groups — such as gender, ethnicity, or language background — who have the same underlying ability respond differently to a test item. First formalised by Holland and Thayer in 1988 via the Mantel-Haenszel procedure, it is the principal tool in modern test development for detecting and removing item bias. |
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