Linganisha mbinu

	Kiwango cha Kituo cha Utafiti wa Afya ya Jamii cha Huzuni (CES-D)	Kipimo cha Mfadhaiko, Wasiwasi na Msongo-21 (DASS-21)	Kiwango cha Afya kwa Ujumla-12 (GHQ-12)
Nyanja	Saikolojia ya Kliniki	Saikolojia ya Kliniki	Saikolojia ya Kliniki
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1977	1995	1992
Mwanzilishi	Lenore Sawyer Radloff	Stephen H. Lovibond and Peter F. Lovibond	David P. Goldberg
Aina	Community-based depression assessment	Three-dimensional mental health screening	Psychiatric symptom screening
Chanzo asilia	Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385-401.	Lovibond, S. H., & Lovibond, P. F. (1995). Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales. Psychology Foundation of Australia.	Goldberg, D. P. (1972). The detection of psychiatric illness by questionnaire. Oxford University Press.
Majina mbadala	CES-D, CESD	DASS-21, DASS, DASS-42	GHQ-12, GHQ
Zinazohusiana	5	5	5
Muhtasari	The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) is a 20-item self-report instrument for measuring depressive symptoms in the general population. Developed by Lenore Radloff in 1977, the CES-D was designed for epidemiological research to rapidly identify depression in community samples. It remains a widely used measure in public health, aging research, and longitudinal cohort studies worldwide.	The Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21) is a 21-item self-report instrument measuring three correlated but distinct dimensions of psychological distress: depression, anxiety, and stress. Developed by Lovibond and Lovibond in 1995, the DASS-21 is a short form of the original 42-item DASS. It has become widely used in research and clinical settings for its brevity, multidimensional structure, and strong psychometric properties.	The General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12) is a brief, 12-item self-report screening instrument for psychological distress and mental health problems in the general population. Developed by David P. Goldberg, the GHQ-12 is the most widely used short form of the longer General Health Questionnaire series. It is designed for rapid detection of minor psychiatric morbidity and assessment of psychological well-being in clinical, occupational health, and community settings.