Linganisha mbinu

	Capture-Recapture for Hidden Crime Populations	Crime Concentration Index	Victimization Survey Method
Nyanja	Criminology	Criminology	Criminology
Familia	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Mwaka wa asili	1995	1989	1973
Mwanzilishi	International Working Group for Disease Monitoring and Forecasting (modern multi-list synthesis); Sheila Bird & Ruth King (criminal-justice applications)	Lawrence Sherman, Patrick Gartin & Michael Buerger; David Weisburd	U.S. President's Commission on Law Enforcement / NCVS and CSEW programs
Aina	Population-size estimation from overlapping incomplete lists	Descriptive concentration measure for crime across micro-places	Probability-sample survey measuring crime victimization including unreported offenses
Chanzo asilia	Bird, S. M., & King, R. (2018). Multiple systems estimation (or capture-recapture estimation) to inform public policy. Annual Review of Statistics and Its Application, 5, 95–118.	Sherman, L. W., Gartin, P. R., & Buerger, M. E. (1989). Hot spots of predatory crime: Routine activities and the criminology of place. Criminology, 27(1), 27–56.	Lynch, J. P., & Addington, L. A. (Eds.) (2007). Understanding Crime Statistics: Revisiting the Divergence of the NCVS and UCR. Cambridge University Press. ISBN: 9780521862042
Majina mbadala	Multiple Systems Estimation, Mark-Recapture for Hidden Populations, Dark-Figure Population Estimation, Lincoln-Petersen Crime Estimation	Crime Concentration at Place, Hot-Spot Concentration Measure, Cumulative Crime Concentration, Law of Crime Concentration	Crime Victimization Survey, Victimisation Survey Method, Crime Survey Methodology, Self-Report Victimization Survey
Zinazohusiana	3	4	3
Muhtasari	Capture-recapture, known in criminology and public health as multiple systems estimation, infers the size of a hidden population — undocumented homicide victims, trafficking victims, problem drug users, undetected offenders — that no single source counts completely. By examining how much two or more incomplete lists overlap, it estimates how many cases were missed by all of them: the 'dark figure' of crime. Borrowed from wildlife ecology, the method was synthesized for human populations by the International Working Group in 1995 and brought to criminal-justice policy by Bird and King.	The crime concentration index quantifies how unevenly crime is distributed across micro-geographic places such as street segments or addresses. Building on Sherman, Gartin, and Buerger's 1989 discovery that a small fraction of addresses produces most calls for police service, and formalized in Weisburd's 2015 'law of crime concentration', it expresses the share of all crime accounted for by the most crime-prone places.	The victimization survey method measures crime by asking a representative sample of households or individuals what they have actually experienced, rather than counting offenses recorded by police. Pioneered in the United States with the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) and developed in Britain as the Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW), it captures the 'dark figure' of crime that never reaches the authorities, using a rotating-panel design with screening questions, detailed incident forms, bounding interviews, and weighted estimation.