Linganisha mbinu
Pitia mbinu ulizochagua bega kwa bega; safu zinazotofautiana zinaangaziwa.
| Capture-Recapture for Hidden Crime Populations× | Victimization Survey Method× | |
|---|---|---|
| Nyanja | Criminology | Criminology |
| Familia | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| Mwaka wa asili≠ | 1995 | 1973 |
| Mwanzilishi≠ | International Working Group for Disease Monitoring and Forecasting (modern multi-list synthesis); Sheila Bird & Ruth King (criminal-justice applications) | U.S. President's Commission on Law Enforcement / NCVS and CSEW programs |
| Aina≠ | Population-size estimation from overlapping incomplete lists | Probability-sample survey measuring crime victimization including unreported offenses |
| Chanzo asilia≠ | Bird, S. M., & King, R. (2018). Multiple systems estimation (or capture-recapture estimation) to inform public policy. Annual Review of Statistics and Its Application, 5, 95–118. DOI ↗ | Lynch, J. P., & Addington, L. A. (Eds.) (2007). Understanding Crime Statistics: Revisiting the Divergence of the NCVS and UCR. Cambridge University Press. ISBN: 9780521862042 |
| Majina mbadala | Multiple Systems Estimation, Mark-Recapture for Hidden Populations, Dark-Figure Population Estimation, Lincoln-Petersen Crime Estimation | Crime Victimization Survey, Victimisation Survey Method, Crime Survey Methodology, Self-Report Victimization Survey |
| Zinazohusiana | 3 | 3 |
| Muhtasari≠ | Capture-recapture, known in criminology and public health as multiple systems estimation, infers the size of a hidden population — undocumented homicide victims, trafficking victims, problem drug users, undetected offenders — that no single source counts completely. By examining how much two or more incomplete lists overlap, it estimates how many cases were missed by all of them: the 'dark figure' of crime. Borrowed from wildlife ecology, the method was synthesized for human populations by the International Working Group in 1995 and brought to criminal-justice policy by Bird and King. | The victimization survey method measures crime by asking a representative sample of households or individuals what they have actually experienced, rather than counting offenses recorded by police. Pioneered in the United States with the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) and developed in Britain as the Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW), it captures the 'dark figure' of crime that never reaches the authorities, using a rotating-panel design with screening questions, detailed incident forms, bounding interviews, and weighted estimation. |
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